Method for producing isotropic foamed stock

ABSTRACT

An improved one-shot system and process for producing polyurethane foam stock and the like, including measurement circuits for deriving digital measurements of parameters such as the mass transfer rates of the various constituents, and further including an automatic controller system responsive to such measurements for adjusting and controlling the parameters with respect to preselected values. A controller system is provided for continuously sampling the various incoming measurement signals sequentially, and for deriving error signals from a comparison of various functional relationships of the samples relative to pre-established optimums. Control circuits are also included for continually adjusting the operation of the system in response to the error signals.

United States Patent Porter et al. Oct. 28, 1975 [54] METHOD FOR PRODUCING ISOTROPIC 3,799,719 3/1974 Bonikowski et al. 264/40 X FOAMED STOCK OTHER PUBLICATIONS [75] Inventors: Lawrence C. Porter, Palos Verdes Foxboro Bulletin, Polyurethane Foam Blending Digi- Peninsula; Kenneth E. Graves, tal Controls and Systems, Foxboro, Mass, The Fox- Saratoga, both of Calif. boro Company, Sept., 1967, Bulletin L-23, pp. l-8. Savas Emanuel S. Computer Control of Industrial 73 Asslgnee a gz Company Kalamazoo Processes, New York, McGraw-lhll, 1965, pp.

119-133. V [22] Filed: Oct. 3, 1972 Primary Examiner-Philip E. Anderson [21] App! 294673 Attorney, Agent, or FirmDenis A. Firth; John [44] Published under the Trial Voluntary Protest Kekich; Edmund F. Bard Program on January 28, 1975 as document no. B 294,673. [57] ABSTRACT Related US Application Data An improved one-shot system and process for produc- [62] Division of Ser. No. 90,500, Nov. 18, 1970, Pat. No. ing polyuretha? 9 stock i including 3,702,747 which is a division of set 701,596, measurement circuits for deriving dlgltal measure- Jan 30, 1968, Pat 3,606,901 ments of parameters such as the mass transfer rates of the various constituents, and further including an au- 52 us Cl 2 4 40; 2 0 25 2 0/25 tomatic controller-system responsive to such measure- 264/53; 2 4/ 13 ments for adjusting and controlling the parameters 51 1m. 01. B291) 27/04; GOlF 1/12 with respect to prfiselemed values- A controller System 58 Field f Search 2 4 47 54 45 40 DIG 13; is provided for continuously sampling the various in- 425 145; 2 0 25 BC, 2 5 13 coming measurement signals sequentially, and for deriving error signals from a comparison of various func- 5 R f e Cited tional relationships of the samples relative to pre- UNITED STATES PATENTS established optimums. Control circuits are also in- 3 123 856 3 1964 D a] 264,47 cluded for continually adjusting the operation of the 3:249:486 3/1966 v i siil et 525111""IIIII'564/45 x system in response the error Signals 3,354,503 11/1967 Joseph et al. 264/47 X 10 Claims, 23 Drawing Figures E11 121 210 280 J; 224 y 1 240 214 254--4 384 27 ONTROILE U.S. Patent Oct. 28, 1975 Sheet2of 16 3,916,023

FIG. 4

% FIG. 5

US. Patent Oct. 28, 1975 Sheet30f 16 3,916,023

FIGS

US. Patent Oct. 28, 1975 Sheet 4 of 16 3,916,023

40A j FROM ONTROL-L| C D C RES/N FROM TANK 50A 48 38 MOTOR 50 NO? TO INDICATOR 30 BOARD GEAR BOX 7 FROM CONTROLIT 47A 41 M PAR/ FROM TANK NO5 TO INDICATOR 37A 49 39 (UNE 73) BOARD 6 37 B 13 FROM CONTROL -y 42A 42\ M SILICONE FROM TANK TO INDICATOR NO- 3 BOARD 32A 6 32 FROM CONTROL 43 N M cAT No.1 FROM TANK TO IND/CA/OR NO 2 BOARD G 33 33A 66 44A 67 5 E B 8 FROM OONTROL PAP] FROM TANK No.5 TO INDICATOR M LINE 74 BOARD PAP] 34 6 34A 67 45,4 62 54/E B B PUMP 14 FROM CONTROL 45w OAT N02 FROM TANK TO INDICATOR NO. 4 BOARD G 35 46A B 10 FROM OONTROL- 46 PART FROM TANK N05 TO INDICATOR M L/NE 75 BOARD 7 6D U 36 6 35A 69 64 B U 15 FIG. 9A

FIG. 98

US. Patent 'Oct.28, 1975 SheetSof 16 3,916,023

88 FROM CONTROL+ L 75 D c CAsTOR OIL FROM 70 /ND/CATOR W TANK No.21

BOARD 86A /-GEAR 76A 736/1 :BOX FROM CONTROL J 732 760 77 COLOR/N6 FROM TO IND/CATOR M \737 TANK NO. 22 BOARD VRSC r G OLOR/N 77A 98 737A E B PUMP 733151 FROM CONTROL T N 78 M PHOSPHOR/C AC/D 0/ D/CATOR VRSC BOARD 1 6 78A 99 BOA 5 FROM CONTROL TO INDICATOR fi M F/RE F R Oa TA NK BOARD 93A VRSC G 139 M1709 79A 739A li Y 73A 75 FROM CONTROL D I 0U INTEGRATOR 7 SERVO CONVERTER MOTOR 75A- V 70 53%? FLOW REL METER REC. TO INDICATOR 72 BOARD FREON RETURN TO TANK N06 47 37 A C FREON FROM MOTOR PUMP TANK NO, 6

Sheet 6 of 16 US. Patent Oct. 28, 1975 3,916,023

To TANK N07 80 LINE BLENDER To TANK NO 5 87 RES/N {MA/\//FOLD |PREMlXERH- PAP/-A i5 ROI/'97 76 Am A 7 MAN/FOLD T0 TANK NO 3 82 g SILICONE FPOZ #92 M SILICONE TO TANK N02 3 cAT 7 HOT. /93 9 74B ACT cATT -75 To TANK N05 84 g PAPl-B ROT. /9 v ACT PAP/ B A To TANK N04 85 cAT 2 RM 74 ACT cAT. 2 To TANK No.5 86 PAP/-C ROT. -96 70 PAP/ c i To TANK N07 7 cAsToR O/L ROT. 756 75 ACT CASTROL O/L QOLOR/NG RM /757 760 COLORING TO TANK No.9 7 4 PHOSPHOR/C ZOTT 158 767 Ac/D H3PO4 C PHOSPHOR/C TO TANK N070 7 5 AC/D HJPO4 FIRE RETARDANT POT 762 FIRE RETARDANT 7 To TANK No.6 87 FREON HOT 97 763 FREQ/V US. Patent 7 Oct. 28, 1975 Sheet 7 Of 16 350 FROM CONTROL f Y ,40

797 786 MOTOR T FA TO SCANNER FREO-TO- GEAR FREQ. CONV 754/ BOX 362 357 FROM cONTROL-- M 7 798 A 776 I LLLLHLl Ull TO SCANNER FREO-TO- 6.

363 FRFOOONV. 165 8.

TO SCANNER 352 FROM CONTROL M 353 FROM CONTROL M T mfilm/ TO SCANNER FREQ- TO G.

FREOCONV 767 B4 365 354 6 FROM CONTROL 790 3 YM 44 779 F %1 Tgmfim TO SCANNER FREQ -TO- (5 FREQCONV 168 B. 366 355 FROM CONTROL 1 M ,4

217 797 TO SCANNER FRFO-TO- 6.

FRFOcONv 769 e. 367 356 FROM CONTROL L- M 46 23 792 i 737 T im TO SCANNER FREO-TO- 6.

FRFOOONV 770 a 368 F/G. 77A

RE S/N FROM F- TANK NO.7

PAP/ A FROM MNK NOS (LINE 73) SILICONE FROM MNK OAT No.7 F FROM TANK OAT NO. 2 FROM TANK PAP/ C FROM TANK NO 5 (LINE 75) US. Patent 06:. 28, 1975 Sheet 8 of 16 ERoM CONTROL L A 29 MOTOR 782 NO.7 TO SCANNER FREQ-TO 193 GEAR k 369 FREQCONV 358 777/BOX 732 ERoM coNTRoL M F/ NK 7 783 N08 TO scANNER FREQ-TO FREQ. CONV 772 370 359 PHOSPHOR/C FROM CONTROL Ac) FROM a TANK NO 9 TO SCANNER FREQ-TO- 195 377 FREQcoNv 360 773/ ERoM CONTROL M RETARDANT 59 785 FRO/V7 TANK miIbJn NO. 10 TO scANNER ggl gcm 195 6.

367 75 FROM CONTROL 1 VOL TA 65- TO 73 FREQUENCY 77 sERvo CONVERTER MOTOR [W gf w FLOW EL TO SCANNER METER R56 \72 373 FREON 47 RET I Ac EREoN ERoM MOTOR PUMP TANK NO. 6

US. Patent 'Oct.28, 1975 Sheet90f 16 3,916,023

FREON /6 REG 289 TANK N06 297 REGENERAT/VE/ 298 TURBINE PUMP 373 U i I 1 FREO-TO- 347 TO SCANNER FREQ. com/W TURBINE FLOW METER FPOM CONTROL FIG FPOM CONTROL? I RESIN FROM 350 y r TANK NO.7

I 0.0. 40 "MOTOR GEAR 764 30x 7 TO MAN/FOLD 5 gcgigg E TO SCANNER FREQ TO FLOW METER 472 FREofco/vv -7 4 413 FIG. 12B

US. Patent Oct. 28, 1975 Sheet 10 of 16 3,916,023

400 386 374 r T f B/D/RECT/ONAL 10 TURN SCR 350 STERRER CONTROL 1 CONTROLLER MoToR RoT. RES/N 362 E A l 5/ -D/RECT/NAL 10 TURN SCR 351 STERRER CONTROL CONTROLLER MoToR PM I RA R/ -A 3 53 To SCANNER Bl-DlRECT/ONAL 10 TURN SCR 352 STERRER CONTROL CONTROLLER, MOTOR RoT S/L/CoNE 364 A I To SCANNER 1 4 V 353 BI-D/RECT/CNAL 10 TURN SCR STERRER CONTROL CONTROLLER MOTOR POT. CAT. NO. 7 3

I To SCANNER Bl-DlRECT/ONAL 70 TURN SCR STEPPER CONTROL CONTROLLER MOTOR RoT RA Pl-B 366 366 l 355 8/ D/RECT/ONAL TURN SCR STERRER CONTROL CONTROLLER MOTOR RoT. CAT No.2 367 TO SCANNER 367 /92 BI DIRECTIONAL TURN SCR 356 STERRER CONTROL 3 CONTROLLER MOTOR POT. RAR/- C 353 A I To SCANNER 368 US. Patent Oct. 28, 1975 Sheet1lofl6 3,916,023

I I I 35 7 Bl- DIRECTIONAL 70 TURN 5 CR STEPPER )CONTRO? CONTROLLER MOTOR PO I CA5 TOR OIL 359 TO SCANNER BI-DIRECTIONAL 10 TURN scR 358 STEPPER cO/vTROL CONTROLLER MOTOR POT COLOR/N6 370 TO SCANNER I I Bl-D/RECT/ONAL 10 TURN SCR 359 52%) sTERRER CONTRO3 cO/vTROLLER MOTOR POT PHOSPHOR/C AC/D 37/1 T A N R 0 SC N E 410 371 396 384 L 350 B/- DIRECTIONAL 70 TURN STEPPER HOONTROL CONTROLLER MOTOR POT FIRE RETARDANT TO SCANNER A 477 3;? 397 385 B OREcT OLvAL 70 TUJRN ER L0 367 STEPPER cO/vTROL AMPLIFIER MOTOR POT FREON 3/73 TO SCANNER L FIG. [3B

US. Patent Oct.28, 1975 Sheet 12 0f 16 3,916,023

FROM FIG. /.3A 8 I38 FROM F/G. /3A 8 L719 METHOD FOR PRODUCING ISOTROPIC FOAMED STOCK PRIORITY This is a division of copending application Ser. No. 90,500, filed Nov. 18, 1970, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,747 which is a division of then copending application Ser. No. 701,596, filed Jan. 30, 1968, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,606,903.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION This invention relates to the production of cellular synthetic resin stock, and more particularly relates to methods for producing foamed synthetic resin stock, especially polyurethane foam, having a substantially rectangular cross-section and which is generally isotropic in character.

It is well known to produce urethane foam stock by combining a suitable polyhydroxyl compound, a blowing agent such as Freon, and a polyisocyanate, to produce a foam which solidifies into a cellular material. It is also well known to at least partially confine such foam, during its hardening process, to produce stock (hereinafter referred toaas *bun) which is thereafter cut into smaller pieces or billets for sale to fabricators.

Depending upon the choice of the polyhydroxyl (hereinafter referred to generally as the resin), the bun can be made either rigid orflexible. The structure of urethane foams, whether rigid or flexible, consists of a network of cells which are preferably of a substantially uniform size and shape. In flexible foams, the cells are open. In rigid foams, however, the cell structure is closed. If the rigid foam material is intended for certain purposes such as thermal insulation, substantially uniform cell structure is greatly desired in order to provide uniform compressive yield strength characteristics which are substantially the same along the X, Y and Z directional axes along which a force may be applied.

As hereinbefore mentioned, polyurethane foam is produced by the polymerization of the resin and the selected isocyanate. The Freon is added to produce the leavening effect which causes the resulting polyurethane mass to rise and to assume the cellular character sought to be obtained. Hence, all polyurethane foam manufacturing techniques generally comprise the steps of disposing the resin, isocyanate and Freon mixture, in a restricted or partially restricted enclosure, to create a bun having generally preselected crosssectional dimensions. More particularly, the liquid mixture of resin, isocyanate and Freon is preferably poured onto a moving conveyor (such as an endless belt) which carries the mixture into and through a tunnellike enclosure or mold as it rises and solidifies. In other words, the mixture rises within the tunnel, but the cross-sectional dimensions of the tunnel tend to restrict the bun and give it the cross-sectional shape and dimension sought to be obtained, as well as to apply a preselected pressure to the foam to control the shape of the cells and the homogeneity of the foam.

As the completed bun is carried out of the exit end of the tunnel, it may be cut into preselected lengths or billets which may then be sold to fabricators who will cut the billets into such shapes as may be desired by the ultimate consumers. However, since most of the billets are intended to be cut into slabs or planks which also have rectangular cross-sections, it will be apparent that waste will occur unless the bun itself has a generally rectangular cross-section, since any rounded or irregular side portions must usually be discarded.

Methods for commercially producting an isotropic polyurethane bun having a preselected density and compressive strength, and also having a substantially rectangular cross-section, have long been sought. Prior art techniques have succeeded in commercially producing buns which are generally satisfactory from the standpoint of density and compressive strength. Furthermore, buns having substantially rectangular crosssections have also been produced in commercial quantities, although only at a considerable effort, and at a cost which is not competitive with the cost of the nonrectangular buns. However, it has hitherto been impossible, with the methods and apparatus of the prior art, to commercially produce a rectangular bun having the desired density and compressive strength characteris tics, and at a cost which is competitive with the price of nonrectangular buns.

In addition to the basic foam constituents hereinbefore mentioned, it has been found desirable to include certain other materials in the mixture to produce a polyurethane foam having ideal properties. For example, a surfactant such as polyoxyalkylenepolydimethylsiloxane (hereinafter referred to as silicone) is usually included in selected amounts to regulate cell size and cell wall stability during foaming. Water is included in regulated amountsto give the foam the proper degree .of flowability," during the leavening stage, so that the bun will fill the upper corners of the tunnel and thus assume a substantially rectangular cross-section. Catalysts such as triethylamine and Castor oil are also usually included in proper proportions to achieve the desirable balance between the foaming and polymerization reactions, and to control the speed of such reactions. Coloring substances may also be included in the resin isocyanate mixture.

Notwithstanding the use of these other catalysts and constituents, it should be appreciated that the basic reaction between the resin and the polyisocyanate is relatively quite rapid and is thus quite difficult to control during commercial manufacture of polyurethane bun. Although a one-shot process is theoretically the most efficient for the commercial manufacture of polyurethane, it has been found necessary for the most part to employ either semiprepolymer or complete prepolymer systems in order to produce an isotropic bun having the proper characteristics of density, compressive strength, rectangular cross-sectional configuration, etc.

The problem of using a one-shot process is further complicated by the fact that there are other materials used in producing polyurethane foam, besides the basic reactants, foaming agent, and catalysts hereinbefore mentioned. For example, coloring agents and fire retardants are often included. Although constituents such as these are generally thought of as non-reacting components, this is not strictly true since they are usually combined with base resin or other suitable resins compatible with the foam system. These resins are reactive and must be considered as part of the reactive system.

Another complication arises because of unavoidable variations in the purity and quality of the components, Due to economic limitations, the various constituents are of industrial grade, and thus the character of the reaction may sometimes vary unexpectedly simply because a particular component has been taken from a different batch. In addition, changes in environmental parameters, such as humidity, temperature, and barometric pressure, may also affect the speed and character of the reaction, and the size and distribution of the cells in the resulting polyurethane foam.

Once the basic reactants (the resin and the isocyanate) have been physically combined, the resultant reaction will proceed relentlessly to a conclusion and the process can neither be halted, retarded or reversed. Thus, a one-shot process is difficult to control since the character of the reaction is largely apparent only in the finished polyurethane foam, although extremely skilled and experienced operating personnel can sometimes make very limited quality estimates from observation of certain physical characteristics of the reaction during intermediate stages of the process. Unfortunately, however, it is usually difficult to determine within required limits the precise adjustment to be made, and thus it is usually necessary to stop all production completely for an hour or more each time it is necessary to make any adjustment in the proportions of the various constituents. Moreover, it is often necessary to make such an adjustment solely on the basis of empirical de-. terminations, and thus it will be apparent that it is often necessary to stop and start a one-shot process several times before a satisfactory product can be produced.

Since the various factors which contribute to the character of the product are all either selectively controllable or capable of being counteracted, .it has long been desired to develop a self-balancing system continually responsive to measured variations in each significant parameteraccording to a preselected relationship. For various reasons not immediately apparent to those unfamiliar with this art, however, no such system has previously been developed.

In the first instance, conventional control equipment is designed to operate, on a system of binary numbers, whereas the various parameters needed to be controlled are measured for the most part in terms of mass transfer units, belt speed and the like. The language of binary numbers is not one with which operators of polyurethane foam systems are generally familiar, and thus it is necessary to mate the system controller to the system, rather than to mate the foam system indicator outputs to the controller, as is generally done with controllers of this class.

Another difficulty exists in the fact that the production system must be controlled with extreme precision, notwithstanding that line blending is involved in a oneshot system for producing polyurethane foam. Thus, it is desirable to use the inherent precision of digital logic for controlling the production system, since analog circuitry and systems are well known to be both expensive and difficult to operate with required precision for long periods of time. However, it is also expensive and complex to mate a digital system with a line blending operation since the handling and registering of fluid flow measurements is inherently incompatible with the basic concept of digital logic, and thus it is necessary to include extensive conversion circuitry with systems of the prior art.

These disadvantages of the prior art are overcome with the present invention, and novel methods are provided herein for commercially manufacturing either flexible or rigid homogeneous polyurethane bun, which is isotropic, and which has such other preselected chemical and physical properties as may be desired. It

v 4 is a feature of the present invention to provide novel methods for commercially manufacturing flexible or rigid polyurethane bun having preselected characteristics and properties by means of a one-shot process. It is a further feature of the present invention to provide a one-shot system employing a controller section responsive .to continuously generated measurements of various selected parameters to continuously adjust and maintain productivity according to a preselected relationship. It is also a feature of the present invention to provide a system of the foregoing description including means for providing directly recordable signals for the purpose of quality control.

, SUMMARY These advantages of the present invention are preferably obtained by novel methods employing a one-shot system, wherein improved monitoring methods are provided for directly and accurately indicating and regulating the proportions of the various constituents in terms of mass transfer units, for selectively adjusting the inclination angle of the tunnel during operation of thesystem and process, for raising and lowering the pouring spout and the input end of the tunnel as a unit in order to maintain a preselected spacing between the spout and the floor of the tunnel, for synchronizing the conveyor speed and the saw movement, and for providing lateral as well as vertical saw movement.

In addition, a novel controller section or circuit is preferably provided which receives the aforementioned measurements and compares them on the basis of a pre-established relationship, for the purpose of deriving correction or adjustment output signals functionally related to such comparison, and provision is included for rendering the production system responsive to such adjustment signals as will hereinafter be explained.

These and other features and advantages of the present inventionwill be apparent from the following detailed description, wherein reference is made to the figures in the accompanying drawings.

THE DRAWINGS In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a basic flow diagram showing the mixing stages of the various constituents or ingredients utilized in a one-shot method and system of the type discussed herein .for manufacturing polyurethane foam.

FIG. 2 is a-pictorial representation of the major components of the preferred system employed for manufacturing polyurethane billets by means of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a pictorial representation, partly in crosssection, of a portion of the system depicted in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a pictorial representation of an end view of an isotropic polyurethane billet of the type produced by means of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a pictorial. representation of another portion of the system employed to produce polyurethane bun by means of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a pictorial representation, partly in crosssection, of certain details of the apparatus depicted in FIG. 5.- I

FIG. 7 is-a pictorial representation, partly in crosssection of another portion of the apparatus depicted in FIG. 2.

FIG. 8 is a functional representation, partly pictorial, of another portion of the apparatus generally depicted in FIG. 2.

FIGS. 9A and 9B together provide a functional representation of a system for monitoring and controlling the mixing of the constituents generally depicted and represented in FIG. 1.

FIG. 10 is a functional representation of a further portion of the flow system generally depicted in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 11A and 11B together provide a functional representation of an alternative form of the circuitry and components represented in FIGS. 9A and 9B.

FIGS. 12A and 12B provide functional representations of additional alternative forms of selected portions of the circuitry represented by FIGS. 9A and 9B, and by FIGS. 11A and 11B.

FIGS. 13A and 13B provide a functional representation of a suitable circuit for coupling the circuitry illustrated in FIGS. 9A, 9B, 11A, 11B, 12A and 128, to a suitable control and indicator section.

FIG. 14 is a functional representation of a suitable controller system useful for operating a production system of the type illustrated in FIGS. 113.

FIGS. 1 5A and 15B represent a more detailed functional representation of a portion of the system illustrated in FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 depicts the system illustrated in FIG. 14 during selected phases of operation.

FIG. 17 depicts a more detailed functional representation of an exemplary portion of the structures illustrated in FIGS. 11A and 11B and FIGS. 12A and 128.

FIG. 18 depicts a more detailed functional representation of another selected portion of the system illustrated in FIG. 14.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now to FIG. 1, there may be seen a functional representation of ten separate tanks 1-6, 21, 22, I08 and 109, each holding a different constituent or ingredient, and each having its respective output line interconnected with either a manifold or line blender 11, or with a mixing nozzle 18, to provide a continuous or one-shot production of polyurethane foam 20. More particularly, it may be seen that in a suitable arrangement, Tank No. 1 holds resin, Tank No. 2 contains a first catalyst such as a suitable amine, Tank No. 3 contains silicone, Tank No. 4 contains a second catalyst such as a 50:50 mixture of water and a selected resin, and Tank No. 5 contains a suitable isocyanate such as polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate and hereinafter referred to as PAPI (a registered trademark of The Upjohn Co.).

Tank No. 6 will preferably contain a suitable blowing or leavening agent such as Freon, Tank No. 7 contains castor oil, Tank No. 8 may contain a coloring agent or dye, and Tank No. 9 preferably contains phosphoric acid. It is a well known characteristic that polyurethane is flame resistant in contrast to similar materials such as polystyrene foam. However, this characteristic may be enhanced by the addition of a suitable fire retardant which may be contained in Tank No. 10.

The two basic reactants are located in Tanks No. 1 and No. 5, and although the substances in the other tanks may enter into and affect the reaction, they are effectively nonreactant with each other or with either of the two reactants separately. Hence, it is desirable as may be seen in FIG. 1 to connect the outputs of Tanks Nos. 1-4 via conduits 7-10, to a manifold or line blender 11, where they may be combined physically into a mixture having the desired proportions, before adding the other reactant. Accordingly, the mixing nozzle 18 is connected to only three input lines, i.e., those connected to the line blender 11, and Tanks Nos. 5 and 6, only.

More particularly, output lines 7-10 and -163, respectively, of the Tanks 1-4, 21, 22, 108 and 109 holding the resin, the first catalyst, silicone, the second catalyst, castor oil, coloring, phosphoric acid, and fire retardant, may be seen to be connected to deliver material into the line blender 11. The Freon is delivered fom Tank 6 into the mixing nozzle separately through line 17.

The PAPI preferably flows the Tank No. 5 into three separate output lines 13-45, as will hereafter be made apparent, and which are connected to a suitable manifold (not depicted) having a single output line 16 connected to the mixing nozzle 18. After the various ingredients reach the mixing nozzle 18 in the proper proportions, they are thoroughly intermixed before they can interact, and the' mixture is then ejected through a spout 19 to form into the polyurethane foam 20.

It should be remembered that the resin in Tank 1 and the PAPI in Tank 5 rapidly interact when commingled in the mixing nozzle 18. Furthermore, it should be noted that Freon tends to cause the other constituents in the mixture passing between the blender 11 and the mixing nozzle 18 to separate. Since the isotropicity of the resultant bun depends in large part upon the thorough intermixing of all constituents before the polymerization interaction can proceed to any substantial degree, it is an advantage to first intermix those constituents which do not interact (the resin, silicone, catalysts, etc.) and thereafter to intermix only three active ingredients or constituents in the mixing nozzle 18. Accordingly, this is why it is preferable to first intermix the constituents in Tanks 1-4, 21, 22, 108 and 109 in the line blender 11, and then to combine only three separate constituents within the mixing nozzle 18 proper.

The flow of liquid Freon, from Tank 6 to the mixing nozzle 18, may be provided by suitable pumping means as will hereinafter be described. Alternatively, Tank 6 may be pressured by a nonreacting gas such as nitrogen, and the nitrogen pressure in Tank 6 can be used to force the Freon into and through the mixing nozzle 18 and spout 19.

The various structures and techniques hereinafter described, may conveniently be separated into those dealing directly with the mixing of the ingredients and the production of the resulting foam, and those dealing with the control of the operation. Hence, the description hereinafter following will arbitrarily be divided into those functions relating to production and those functions relating to control.

The Production System Referring now to FIG. 2, there may be seen a functional and partly pictorial representation of an apparatus for receiving the mixture from the mixer spout l9 depicted in FIG. 1, and for forming the polyurethane foam into a proper bun. In particular, the production system may be generally defined as being comprised of three main components, i.e., the tunnel mold section 200, a transitional conveyor section 202, and a saw as- 

1. IN A ONE-SHOT PROCESS FOR COMMINGLING A MASTER REACTANT AND A PLURALITY OF OTHER LIQUID REACTANTS INCLUDING RESIN ISOCYANATE, CATALYST, AND A BLOWING AGENT ACCORDING TO A PRESELECTED FORMULATION, THE METHOD OF ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING THE PROPORTIONS OF SAID REACTANTS ACCORDING TO SAID FORMULATION COMPRISING THE STEPS OF ELECTRICALLY ESTABLISHING A PLURALITY OF PRESET VALUES EACH CORRESPONDING TO A PRESELECTED RATIO OF ONE OF SAID OTHER REACTANTS TO SAID MASTER REACTANT, GENERATING A PLURALITY OF DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTS SIGNALS EACH CORRESPONDING TO AND COMPOSED OF ELECTRICAL PULSE FUNCTIONALLY RELATED TO MASS TRANFER UNITS OF SAID MASTER AND SAID OTHER REACTANTS, DERIVING AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL COMPOSED OF PULSES CORRESPONDING IN NUMBER TO THE ACTUAL RATIO OF EACH OF SAID OTHER REACTANTS TO SAID MASTER REACTANT IN SAID PROCESS AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER OF PULSES IN SAID MEASUREMENT SIGNAALS, AND INCREMENTALLY ADJUSTING THE INPUT OF EACH OF SAID REACTANTS INTO SAID PROCESS AS A FUNCTION OF ANY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACTUAL RAITO OF SAID REACTANT TO SAID MASTER REACTANT AND THE PRESET VALUE CORRESPONDING THERETO.
 2. The method described in claim 1, further comprising establishing a ratio period as a function of a preselected number of pulses in said measurement signal corresponding to said master reactant, determining the total number of pulses generated in a portion of each of said measurement signals corresponding to said other reactants, comparing each of said totals with the corresponding preset value, deriving ratio error pulses corresponding in number to any difference between any of said totals with its corresponding preset value, and incrementally adjusting the input of the corresponding reactant into said process in response to said ratio error pulses.
 3. The method described in claim 2, wherein said incrementally adjusting step comprises changing the input of reactant into said process by one mass transfer unit of the corresponding reactant for each ratio error pulse resulting from a comparison of the actual ratio of said reactant to said master reactant and the corresponding one of said preset values.
 4. The method described in claim 3, further comprising monitoring and sorting the pulses in each of said signals during a predetermined sample interval, counting out a preselected total number of sorted pulses from the measurement signal corresponding to said master reactant to establish said ratio period subsisting with but independent of the length of said sample interval, counting the total number of pulses occurring in each of said other measurement signals during said ratio period, comparing the total counted from each of said other measurement signals with the preset value corresponding to said measurement signal, and deriving ratio error pulses independently of the length of said sample interval and as a function of said ratio period.
 5. The method described in claim 4, wherein pulses in said other measurement signals are totalled and such totals are compared with said preset values according to a predetermined sequence.
 6. The method described in claim 5, further comprising electrically establishing an additional totalize preset value representing the preselected total reactant sought to be passed through said process during said sample interval, electrically deriving a function of the total number of pulses generated in all of said measurement signals during said sample interval as an indication of the total reactant actually passed through said process during said sample interval, comparing said derived function of said total number of measurement pulses with said totalize preset value, deriving totalize error pulses in relationship to any difference between said derived function of said total number of pulses and said totalize preset value, and incrementally adjusting the input of said master reactant in response to said totalize error pulses.
 7. The method described in claim 6, further comprising incrementally adjusting the input of said master reactant by one mass transfer unit thereof in response to each ratio error pulse derived from a comparison of the actual ratio of said reactant to the corresponding one of said preset values.
 8. The method described in claim 7, further comprising generating the pulses in one of said measurement signals corresponding to one of said other reactants as a function of mass transfer units of a first preselected magnitude, generating the pulses in another of said measurement signals corresponding to another of said other reactants as a function of mass transfer units of a second different preselected magnitude, and deriving said function of the total of all of said pulses in said measurement signals generated during said sample interval as a weighted total corresponding to the total amount of material throughput occurring during said sample interval.
 9. The method described in claim 8, further comprising providing said ratio Error pulses as a function of the magnitude of the mass transfer units represented by said pulses corresponding to said master reactant, and incrementally adjusting the input of each of said other reactants as a function of the magnitude of the mass transfer units represented by the pulses in the measurement signal corresponding to the reactant so adjusted.
 10. The method described in claim 9, further comprising multiplying said ratio error pulses as a function of the magnitude of the mass transfer units represented by the counted measurement pulses related thereto and the magnitude of the mass transfer units represented by the pulses corresponding to said master reactant, and incrementally adjusting the input of the reactant corresponding to said counted measurement pulses by the product of said multiplied ratio error pulses. 